It seems to me like the Grue Paradox can be rewritten as follows: Definitions of terms: --------------------- E = Emeralds P = properties of emeralds C = observed color of emeralds G = green B = blue U = grue O = the time emeralds are observed 1 = before the year 2000 2 = after the year 2000 T = current time ---------------------- Condition A: (C == G) and (O == 1) Condition B: (C == B) and (not (O == 1)) Condition C: (P == U) and (O == 1) Condition D: (P == U) and (not (O == 1)) Axiom A: if ((Condition A) or (Condition B)) then (P = U) Axiom B: if (Condition C) then (C = G) Axiom C: if (Condition D) then (C = B) Theorem I (principle of induction) holds that: if ( Xo == Y) then probably ( Xu == Y) where: Xo = all observed X Xu = all unobserved X Axiom D: All observed emeralds, "Eo", meet Condition A. We proceed by observing the heretofore unobserved emeralds, "Eu", at time 2 (O = 2). We see that the following statements must both be true: Induction 1. probably (C = B) Induction 2. probably (C = G) Induction 1 must be true because: In relation to the properties of Eo, "Po", Axiom A tells us that (Po = U) when Condition A is true. Condition A is indeed true, as per Axiom D. Applying Theorem I yields: if ( Po == U ) then probably ( Pu == U ) Axiom C now applies to Eu: (C = B), as we are observing them at (O = 2) or (not (O == 1)), and (Pu == U) Induction 2 must be true because: Axiom D says that all observed emeralds have been green, and, applying Theorem I yields: if ( Co == G ) then probably ( Cu == G ) C can not be both probably G and probably B, and thus the contradiction.